Rules for Structural Carpentry according to Kung-ch’eng-tso-faMeasured smooth vector linework with editable bilingual captions. After Liang Sicheng.hallcolumnbeampitchbracketsmodulesRULES FOR STRUCTURAL CARPENTRY ACCORDING TO KUNG-CH’ENG-TSO-FARULES FOR STRUCTURAL CARPENTRY ACCORDING TO KUNG-CH’ENG-TSO-FA清工程做法則例清工程做法則例雍正十二年工部頒布刊行雍正十二年工部頒布刊行大式大木大式大木圖樣要略圖樣要略Official regulations for architectural design in the Ch’ing Dynasty published by the Ministry of Works in 1733.OFFICIAL REGULATIONS FORARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IN THECH’ING DYNASTY PUBLISHEDBY THE MINISTRY OFWORKS IN 1733.柱間距離以11斗口 之倍數定柱間距離以11斗口之倍數定Intercolumn distances deter- mined by multiples of 11 Tou-k’ouINTERCOLUMN DISTANCES DETER-MINED BY MULTIPLES OF 11 TOU-K’OU明間則用斗栱 六攢或八攢明間則用斗栱六攢或八攢6 or 8 intermediate sets for central bay6 OR 8 INTERMEDIATESETS FOR CENTRAL BAY柱頭科柱頭科Set on columnSET ONCOLUMN平身科平身科Intermediate setsINTERMEDIATESETS角科角科Corner setCORNERSET雀替雀替BracketBRACKET盡間盡間梢間梢間次間次間明間明間梁　梁枋徑加二寸定梁厚。厚五之分之六 定高。斷面高與厚成6:5或5:4之比。梁　梁枋徑加二寸定梁厚。厚五之分之六定高。斷面高與厚成6:5或5:4之比。Width of beam = diameter of column + 2 inches; depth = ⁶⁄₅ width. Thus ratio between depth & width of beam is around 6:5 or 5:4.WIDTH OF BEAM = DIAMETER OF COLUMN+ 2 INCHES; DEPTH = ⁶⁄₅ WIDTH. THUSRATIO BETWEEN DEPTH & WIDTH OFBEAM IS AROUND 6:5 OR 5:4.柱　凡檐柱，以6斗口定徑，以60斗口定高。 其他部位之柱，處檐柱加舉定高，徑視檐柱徑增二寸為定法，不側腳無卷殺。 惟收分⁷/₁₀₀₀。柱　凡簷柱，以6斗口定徑，以60斗口定高。其他部位之柱，處檐柱加舉定高，徑視檐柱徑增二寸為定法，不側腳無卷殺。惟收分⁷/₁₀₀₀。Peripheral column is 6 Tou-k’ou in diameter, 60 Tou- k’ou in height. Diameter for hypos- tyle column = 6 Tou-k’ou + 2 inches.PERIPHERAL COLUMNIS 6 TOU-K’OU IN DIAMETER, 60 TOU-K’OU IN HEIGHT. DIAMETER FOR HYPOS-TYLE COLUMN = 6 TOU-K’OU + 2 INCHES.HEIGHT OF COLUMN = 60 斗口 TOU-K’OU = 10 DIAMETERHEIGHT OF COLUMN = 60 斗口 TOU-K’OU = 10 DIAMETER鼓鏡鼓鏡Ko-ching “Mirror base”KO-CHING“MIRROR BASE”6斗口6斗口攢　斗栱一組也，宋稱朶。攢與攢間之距離 定為十一斗口，開間面闊以攢數定之。攢　斗栱一組也，宋稱朶。攢與攢間之距離定為十一斗口，開間面闊以攢數定之。A set of Tou-kung is called a Tsan. Sets are spaced at intervals of 11 Tou-k’ou, multiples of which gives width of bay.A SET OF TOU-KUNG IS CALLED A TSAN.SETS ARE SPACED AT INTERVALS OF 11 TOU-K’OU,MULTIPLES OF WHICH GIVES WIDTH OF BAY.11斗口11斗口11斗口11斗口11斗口11斗口當中當中當中當中柱中柱中斗栱斗栱TOU-KUNGTOU-KUNG在比例上小於宋式甚多。用材以尺材 為主，各層枋間均不用斗。在比例上小於宋式甚多。用材以尺材為主，各層枋間均不用斗。Proportionally much smaller than Sung Tou-kung. Tou no longer used between hori- zontal tie members.PROPORTIONALLY MUCH SMALLER THAN SUNG TOU-KUNG.TOU NO LONGER USED BETWEEN HORI-ZONTAL TIE MEMBERS.栱 Kung栱 KUNG昂 Ang昂 ANG斗 Tou斗 TOU栱 Kung栱 KUNG舉架 Chü-chia or “Raising the Truss”舉架 CHÜ-CHIA OR “RAISING THE TRUSS”自下向上，每一段之坡度遞加。最下架坡度為50%坡；次 70%；次80%；最上90%加坡平水，即所謂五舉七舉八舉九舉 是也。故舉之高非預定者乃由下向上遞加所得也。自下向上，每一段之坡度遞加。最下架坡度為50%坡；次70%；次80%；最上90%加坡平水，即所謂五舉七舉八舉九舉是也。故舉之高非預定者乃由下向上遞加所得也。The pitch of each section of the rafter is increased from the eave up toward the ridge. The lowest section is a 50% slope; the next, 70%; the next, 80%; to the 90% raise of the top section is added a “Ping-shui” of 4 Tou-k’ou, making an approximately A 100% or 45° slope.THE PITCH OF EACH SECTION OF THE RAFTER ISINCREASED FROM THE EAVE UP TOWARD THERIDGE. THE LOWEST SECTION IS A 50%SLOPE; THE NEXT, 70%; THE NEXT,80%; TO THE 90% RAISE OFTHE TOP SECTION IS ADDED A“PING-SHUI” OF 4 TOU-K’OU,MAKING AN APPROXIMATELYA 100% OR 45°SLOPE.步架 X步架 X步架 X步架 X步架 X步架 X步架 X步架 X平水 PING- SHUI 4斗口平水 PING-SHUI4斗口3-PURLIN BEAM3-PURLIN BEAM5-PURLIN BEAM5-PURLIN BEAM七架梁　7-PURLIN BEAM七架梁　7-PURLIN BEAM五架梁五架梁三架梁三架梁HYPOSTYLE COLUMNHYPOSTYLECOLUMN平板枋 Plate平板枋 PLATE闌額 Lintel闌額 LINTEL由額 Sub-lintel由額 SUB-LINTEL簷柱 Peristyle column簷柱PERISTYLECOLUMN桃尖梁桃尖梁90%90%80%80%70%70%50%50%XXXXXXXX斗口斗口Tou-k’ouTOU-K’OU斗口 Tou-k’ou斗口TOU-K’OU斗口 TOU-K’OU斗口 TOU-K’OU清式稱材厚曰斗口，即宋之十分也。斗口自一寸至六寸，共十一等。但實物所見，最大清式稱材厚曰斗口，即宋之十分也。斗口自一寸至六寸，共十一等。但實物所見，最大者僅望四寸。用材均高二斗口。單材僅用於跳頭栱，高為1.4斗口。者僅望四寸。用材均高二斗口。單材僅用於跳頭栱，高為1.4斗口。The width of a Ts’ai is known asTHE WIDTH OF A TS’AI IS KNOWN ASa Tou-k’ou, ranging from 1 to 6 inches; depth of Ts’ai = 2 Tou-k’ou. Tan-ts’ai, or a light Ts’ai = 2 × 1.4 Tou-k’ou used only for Kung superimposed on T’iaos.A TOU-K’OU, RANGING FROM 1 TO 6 INCHES; DEPTH OF TS’AI = 2 TOU-K’OU. TAN-TS’AI, OR A LIGHTTS’AI = 2 × 1.4 TOU-K’OU USED ONLY FOR KUNG SUPERIMPOSED ON T’IAOS.梁思成