Rules for Structural Carpentry according to Ying-tsao-fa-shihMeasured smooth vector linework with editable bilingual captions. After Liang Sicheng.hallbeamspitchcolumnbracketsinclinationmodulesRULES FOR STRUCTURAL CARPENTRY ACCORDING TO YING-TSAO-FA-SHIH.RULES FOR STRUCTURAL CARPENTRY ACCORDING TO YING-TSAO-FA-SHIH.A treatise on architecture by Li Chieh, court arch- itect of the Sung Dynasty, first published in 1103 A.D.A TREATISE ON ARCHITECTUREBY LI CHIEH, COURT ARCH-ITECT OF THE SUNGDYNASTY, FIRSTPUBLISHED IN1103 A.D.宋營造法式宋營造法式大木作制度大木作制度圖樣要略圖樣要略次梢間用補間鋪作一朶次梢間用補間鋪作一朶當心間用補間鋪作兩朶當心間用補間鋪作兩朶INTERMEDIATE SET OF BRACKETSINTERMEDIATE SET OF BRACKETSONE SET FOR SIDE BAYSONE SET FOR SIDE BAYS2 SETS FOR CENTRAL BAY2 SETS FOR CENTRAL BAY轉角鋪作轉角鋪作Corner setCORNER SET角柱生起 向角逐漸加高。角柱生起向角逐漸加高。Height of columns gradually increased towards cornerHEIGHT OF COLUMNSGRADUALLY INCREASEDTOWARDS CORNER簷柱簷柱角柱角柱Corner columnCORNERCOLUMN柱頭鋪作柱頭鋪作Set on columnSET ONCOLUMNCentral bay columnsCENTRAL BAYCOLUMNSPeripheral columnPERIPHERALCOLUMN平柱平柱簷柱簷柱內柱內柱Hypostyle columnHYPOSTYLECOLUMN簷柱簷柱Peripheral columnPERIPHERALCOLUMN平梁平梁四椽杖（草杖）四椽杖（草杖）四椽杖（乳栿）四椽杖（乳栿）乳栿（草杖）乳栿（草杖）乳栿（明栿）乳栿（明栿）舉架舉架梁 BEAM　梁有直梁月梁二種。月梁梁首加六瓣卷殺。依梁 BEAM　梁有直梁月梁二種。月梁梁首加六瓣卷殺。依跳數由華頭，梁底微起。跳數由華頭，梁底微起。2 Types of beams:2 TYPES OF BEAMS:Straight beam & “Crescent beam”STRAIGHT BEAM & “CRESCENT BEAM”直梁直梁Straight beamSTRAIGHT BEAM“Head” shaped by 6 segments of 10 Fen each.“HEAD” SHAPED BY 6 SEGMENTS OF 10 FEN EACH.月梁月梁Crescent beamCRESCENT BEAMUnder-side of beam “slightly arched”UNDER-SIDE OF BEAM“SLIGHTLY ARCHED”斜項 Neck斜項 NECK舉折 Chü-chêh or “Raise & Depress”舉折 CHÜ-CHÊH OR “RAISE & DEPRESS”Method to determine pitch & curvature of roof: R, “raise”, varies from ¼ to ⅓ of B, distance between front & rear eave pur- lins, according to type & size of building. 1st. “depression” = ¹⁄₁₀ R; next one below, ¹⁄₂₀ R; next, ¹⁄₄₀ R; etc., etc.METHOD TO DETERMINE PITCH & CURVATURE OFROOF: R, “RAISE”, VARIES FROM ¼ TO ⅓ OF B,DISTANCE BETWEEN FRONT & REAR EAVE PUR-LINS, ACCORDING TO TYPE & SIZE OFBUILDING. 1ST. “DEPRESSION” = ¹⁄₁₀ R;NEXT ONE BELOW, ¹⁄₂₀ R; NEXT,¹⁄₄₀ R; ETC., ETC.舉高 RAISE = R = ¼ OR ⅓ B舉高 RAISE = R = ¼ OR ⅓ B平脊檁 EAVE & RIDGE PURLIN平脊檁 EAVE & RIDGE PURLIN1ST DEPRESSION1ST DEPRESSION上平檁上平檁第二折第二折2D DEPRES’N ¹⁄₂₀ R2D DEPRES’N ¹⁄₂₀ R中平檁中平檁第三折第三折3D DEPRESSION ¹⁄₄₀ R3D DEPRESSION ¹⁄₄₀ R下平檁下平檁兩後簷檁之心之距離為B。兩後簷檁之心之距離為B。B = distance from front to rear purlinB = DISTANCE FROM FRONTTO REAR PURLIN椽下皮線椽下皮線Bottom of rafterBOTTOM OF RAFTEREave purlinEAVE PURLIN撩簷枋片撩簷枋片¹⁄₁₀ R¹⁄₁₀ R梭柱 “SHUTTLE- SHAPED”-COLUMN梭柱 “SHUTTLE-SHAPED”-COLUMNIs a column with entas- is, determined by shap- ing upper third with 3 segments. The lower two-third remains straight.IS A COLUMN WITH ENTAS-IS, DETERMINED BY SHAP-ING UPPER THIRD WITH 3SEGMENTS. THE LOWERTWO-THIRD REMAINSSTRAIGHT.梭殺柱之 制，端至之長，3當三分：上 一分又分為三分，端梢卷殺。 柱頭而3分殺，取細覆盆樣。 柱徑與高無規定比例。梭殺柱之制，端至之長，3當三分：上一分又分為三分，端梢卷殺。柱頭而3分殺，取細覆盆樣。柱徑與高無規定比例。NO DEFINITE RATIO BETWEEN DIAMETER & HEIGHTNO DEFINITE RATIO BETWEEN DIAMETER & HEIGHT⅑⅑⅑⅑⅑⅑⅓⅓⅓⅓—側腳 ¹⁄₁₀₀ 或 ⁸⁄₁₀₀₀—側腳 ¹⁄₁₀₀ 或 ⁸⁄₁₀₀₀昂尾 “Tail” of Ang昂尾“TAIL” OFANG跳 T’IAO跳T’IAO跳 T’IAO跳T’IAO跳 T’IAO跳T’IAO跳 T’IAO跳T’IAO跳 T’IAO跳T’IAOMAX. 30 FENMAX.30 FEN不逾 30分不逾30分中線中線Each tier of Kung is called aEACH TIER OF KUNG IS CALLED AT’iao or “jump.” The largest Tou- kung should not have more than 5 “jumps.”T’IAO OR “JUMP.”THE LARGEST TOU-KUNG SHOULD NOTHAVE MORE THAN5 “JUMPS.”Front or rearFRONT OR REAR栱 Kung栱 KUNG耍頭 Shua-t’ou耍頭 SHUA-T’OU昂 Ang昂 ANG昂嘴 “Beak” of Ang昂嘴 “BEAK” OF ANG斗 Tou斗 TOU斗 Tou斗TOU栱 Kung栱 KUNGTS’AITS’AICHIHCHIHTS’AITS’AICHIHCHIHTS’AITS’AI15 FEN15 FEN1515661515661515材材栔栔材材栔栔材材斗栱 Tou-kung or Bracket Set斗栱 TOU-KUNG OR BRACKET SETTou-kung 斗栱TOU-KUNG斗栱柱 Column柱 COLUMN柱中線柱中線垂直線垂直線側腳 — Ch’ê-chiao側腳 — CH’Ê-CHIAO凡立柱並令柱首微收向內。 柱腳微出向外，謂之側腳。凡立柱並令柱首微收向內。柱腳微出向外，謂之側腳。Top of column leans inward 1% of height.TOP OF COLUMN LEANSINWARD 1% OF HEIGHT.CLASS ICLASS I10分10分IIIIIIIIIIIVIVVVVIVIVIIVIIVIIIVIII架長架長足材足材材15分材15分6分6分15分15分6 INCHES6 INCHES4½ 寸 inches（宋尺）4½ 寸 INCHES（宋尺）(Sung Foot)(SUNG FOOT)材、栔、分　造屋之制，以材為祖。材有八等，度屋之大小，因 而用之。一等以其材廣（高）分為十五分，以十分為厚。凡屋 宇之高深，各物之長短，曲直舉折之勢，規矩之宜，皆以所用 材之“分”以為制度焉。材、栔、分　造屋之制，以材為祖。材有八等，度屋之大小，因而用之。一等以其材廣（高）分為十五分，以十分為厚。凡屋宇之高深，各物之長短，曲直舉折之勢，規矩之宜，皆以所用材之“分”以為制度焉。TS’AI, CHIH & FEN: Ts’ai, the standard timber for all con-TS’AI, CHIH & FEN: TS’AI, THE STANDARD TIMBER FOR ALL CON-struction, is graded into 8 classes. The depth of each Ts’ai is divided into 15 Fen. 10 Fen gives thickness of Ts’ai. The proportion of every part of the building is thus measured in terms of the Fen.STRUCTION, IS GRADED INTO 8 CLASSES. THE DEPTH OF EACH TS’AIIS DIVIDED INTO 15 FEN. 10 FEN GIVES THICKNESS OF TS’AI. THEPROPORTION OF EVERY PART OF THE BUILDING IS THUS MEASURED INTERMS OF THE FEN.梁思成